Which Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review?

The principle of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of Congress or the executive branch unconstitutional, was established in the case of Marbury v. Madison. This landmark decision, decided in 1803, marked a significant moment in American constitutional law, affirming the judiciary's role as an equal partner with the other branches of government.

In this case, Chief Justice John Marshall articulated the importance of judicial review, asserting that it is the duty of the judiciary to interpret the law and ensure that it aligns with the Constitution. This foundational ruling empowers the courts to nullify government actions that they find to be in conflict with the Constitution, reinforcing the system of checks and balances that is central to the American political system.

While the other cases listed also involve significant legal principles, they do not pertain to the establishment of judicial review. Brown v. Board of Education addressed racial segregation in public schools, Roe v. Wade focused on the right to privacy and reproductive rights, and Loving v. Virginia dealt with interracial marriage. Each of these cases contributed to civil rights and liberties but did not set the precedent for judicial review.