Which region has been primarily affected by long-range transboundary air pollution?

Long-range transboundary air pollution primarily affects Europe due to several factors. The region's dense industrial activity and urbanization contribute to high emissions of pollutants that can travel over long distances through the atmosphere, crossing national borders. This phenomenon has been particularly notable in areas where industrial sources are concentrated, such as in Western and Central Europe.

Additionally, European countries are interconnected geographically and climatically, which allows pollutants to disperse widely and impact air quality across borders. The phenomenon is also compounded by atmospheric conditions, such as prevailing winds that can carry pollutants from one country to another, leading to widespread environmental and health issues.

In comparison, while North America and parts of Oceania may experience localized air pollution, they do not have the same level of transboundary pollution dynamics seen in Europe. Africa faces different challenges with pollution, primarily stemming from emerging economies and less developed regulatory frameworks, which may result in various forms of pollution but not necessarily long-range transboundary issues in the same way as Europe. Thus, Europe remains the region most prominently associated with the challenges of long-range transboundary air pollution.