Which produces the highest voter turnout?

The option of proportional representation with a low threshold is associated with higher voter turnout because it allows for a more inclusive electoral system. In such systems, smaller political parties have the opportunity to gain representation, encouraging a wider array of candidates and platforms. This inclusivity often leads to increased voter engagement, as individuals from diverse backgrounds feel that their voices have a chance of being heard in the political system. When voters believe that their votes can contribute to the election of representatives who align with their views, they are more likely to participate in the electoral process.

Additionally, lower thresholds for representation mean that fewer votes are needed for a party to gain seats in the legislative body. This can motivate individuals from minor parties or those with niche interests to turn out and vote, further enhancing participation rates in elections.

In contrast, systems like plurality voting with single-member districts, majority voting with runoff elections, and preferential voting with second choices may not generate the same level of engagement among voters, particularly for those whose preferences may not align with the dominant parties or candidates. These systems can discourage turnout if voters feel that their choices will not significantly impact the outcome, potentially leading to apathy or disenfranchisement.