Which of the following figures is known for their role in shaping modern political philosophy?

John Locke is recognized for significantly influencing modern political philosophy, particularly through his development of social contract theory and concepts of natural rights. His ideas about government by consent, the importance of individual liberty, and the right to private property laid foundational principles for liberal democracy. Locke's argument that the legitimacy of government depends on the protection of individual rights and that a government's power is derived from the consent of the governed has had a lasting impact on political thought.

His works, particularly "Two Treatises of Government," challenge absolute monarchy and advocate for a government that serves its people, which has shaped democratic principles and the understanding of political authority. Locke's emphasis on reason, tolerance, and the separation of powers continues to be integral to contemporary discussions about governance, rights, and the role of the individual in society, solidifying his place as a critical figure in modern political philosophy.