Which document is often referred to as America's "birthday" due to its declaration of independence from Great Britain?

The document that is referred to as America's "birthday" due to its declaration of independence from Great Britain is the Declaration of Independence. This historical text, adopted on July 4, 1776, marks the formal assertion of the thirteen American colonies' desire to separate from British rule. The document articulates the colonies' grievances against King George III and outlines philosophical principles regarding human rights and governance, asserting the belief that all men are created equal and have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The adoption of this document is celebrated annually on July 4th, known as Independence Day, highlighting its significance as the moment when the United States began its journey as an independent nation.

The other documents listed, such as the Constitution, Articles of Confederation, and the Bill of Rights, are important in the context of American governance but do not signify the actual declaration of independence. The Constitution established the framework for the new government, the Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution but were found inadequate, and the Bill of Rights enumerates specific rights granted to individuals. None of these documents mark the foundational moment of independence from Great Britain, which is the essence of the Declaration of Independence.