Economist and philosopher Adam Smith's expression, "the invisible hand," refers to a theory that?

Adam Smith's expression "the invisible hand" is best understood through the lens of the idea that individuals pursuing their own self-interest inadvertently contribute to the overall good of society. This concept highlights how, in a free market, the decisions made by individuals often lead to positive outcomes for others, even when those individuals are primarily motivated by personal gain.

When capitalists seek wealth, they create jobs, produce goods, and innovate, which can lift others in society out of poverty and improve collective welfare. This phenomenon illustrates how personal ambition can align with societal benefit, showcasing the interconnected nature of self-interest and communal prosperity.

The other options do not encapsulate the full essence of Smith's theory. While the notion of natural laws influencing the economy and outside forces affecting economic conditions are relevant considerations within economics, they do not specifically address the mechanism of the invisible hand itself. Furthermore, while there is a discussion around the extent of government regulation in economics, it is not the central theme of Smith's expression. Thus, the correct answer aptly reflects the concept that personal pursuits in capitalism can beneficially impact society at large.